- Area
- Medieval England, Western Europe
- Earliest attestations
- Twelfth-century English chronicles
The returning dead: a broad category for the dead who physically return among the living, attested in medieval chronicles long before the vampire.
- Area
- Romania, Moldavia
- Earliest attestations
- Nineteenth-century folklore collections
A figure in Romanian folklore: a restless soul or body, living or dead, associated with unusual births and irregular deaths. Often conflated with the cinematic vampire.
- Area
- Balkans, Central Europe
- Earliest attestations
- 1725 (Kisiljevo case)
The dead who return to feed on the living. The term entered European languages in the eighteenth century through Habsburg administrative reports on Serbian cases.
- Area
- Russia, Balkans
- Earliest attestations
- 19th century (literary form)
A dead person who returns and feeds first on those closest to them. Less a folkloric term than a nineteenth-century Russian literary form, made familiar by cinema.